As these LDL particles oxidize within the arterial wall, they trigger an immune response, attracting white blood cells that engulf the cholesterol and transform into foam cells. Over time, these accumulate into fibrous plaques (atherosclerosis).
In the long arteries feeding the legs—such as the femoral, popliteal, and tibial arteries—these plaques progressively narrow the lumen. Because gravity forces blood downward while returning it upward requires immense muscular effort, any narrowing in these long conduits severely compromises delivery to the calves, feet, and toes.
Part II: Subtraction First — What You Must Eliminate
Dr. William Li emphasizes a fundamental rule of vascular medicine:
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